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Lesson 5 Infinitives:
Morphology, Syntax
In English
grammar, a verb that has limits defined for person or number is
said to be "finite" (from Latin finis, "limit"). An infinitive is a verb that is
not finite. It is
not limited for person or number.
So, for
example, runs could not be used with a first person subject. It
is limited in terms of person. We say, "he runs" but "I run." The
infinitive form of the verb, the form having no reference to person or
number, is to run.
You could say its breadth of applicability is infinite, not limited to
singular or plural, 1st, 2nd, or 3rd person.
In
Greek, all of the verbs we have studied so far can be described as
finite. Even participles, which do not have person (1st, 2nd, or 3rd),
do have number.
My
dictionary indicates that an infinitive has no tense, however Tennyson
seemed to think otherwise when he wrote, "'Tis
better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all."
In the words "to have loved," we have an example of a perfect tense
infinitive. So much for my dictionary.
But
English aside, we certainly see tense, as well as voice, in the Greek
infinitive.
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The infinitive is a verbal noun,
simultaneously manifesting both nominal and verbal qualities.
As a noun, it can
function as the subject or object of a finite verb just as can any
other noun. It can also function as the object of a preposition,
taking the appropriate case. Of course, the infinitive has no case
form itself, but it may be articular, with the article serving to
identify the case in which it is used. Its gender will be neuter. In
English, we would often use a gerund to serve the same purpose, but
we could use an infinitive. Compare the sentences,
To give is kind.
Giving is kind.
In the first
sentence, the subject is "to give." In the second, the subject is
"giving." The two sentences are identical in meaning, but one uses
an infinitive and the other uses a gerund.
An infinitive retains verbal
characteristics even while functioning as a noun. As a verb, it can
have its own subject, after a manner of speaking, and object. The
infinitive in the following sentence has an object:
To give help is
kind.
Although "To give" is
the subject of the sentence, as a verb it can take the direct
object, "help."
What about a subject?
We wouldn't say, "He to give help." But we might have the following:
I asked him to give
help.
The pronoun "him" is
the object of the main verb, "asked." But then it serves as the
subject of the infinitive "to give" even though it is in the
objective case. In fact, the subject of an infinitive will always be
in the objective case in English. Similarly in Greek, the subject of
the infinitive will be in the accusative case. We will come back to
this point a bit later.
Let's consider some
examples of the infinitive in Greek. We won't aim to exhaust all of
the categories one might define in discussing uses of the Greek
infinitive. Instead, we'll simply try to offer a broad outline of
some of the frequent uses and illustrate sufficiently to get you
started.
The Greek infinitive may be
used...
(1) ...to complete the thought of a
finite verb
When the speaker wishes to say
something about an action that is contemplated, attempted, etc.,
rather than to say the action was actually accomplished, he may use
a finite verb to indicate the attempt or contemplation along with an
infinitive to indicate what he was attempting or contemplating. We
could say the infinitive is used to complete the thought of a finite
verb, e.g., "began to think" "attempted to walk" "desired to
see."
EXAMPLE 1
Ἀπὸ τότε
ἤρξατο ὁ Ἰησοῦς
κηρύσσειν
Mt. 4:17a
From that time, Jesus began to preach
The infinitive κηρύσσειν
completes the thought of the finite verb ἤρξατο.
EXAMPLE 2
καὶ ἤρξαντο διαλογίζεσθαι
οἱ γραμματεῖς καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι λέγοντες, Τίς ἐστιν οὗτος ὃς λαλεῖ
βλασφημίας; τίς
δύναται
ἁμαρτίας
ἀφεῖναι εἰ
μὴ μόνος ὁ θεός; Lu. 5:21
And the scribes and the Pharisees began to converse saying, Who is
this who speaks blasphemies? Who is able to forgive sins if not only
God?
The infinitive διαλογίζεσθαι
completes the thought of the finite verb ἤρξαντο.
Similarly, the infinitive ἀφεῖναι
completes the thought of the finite verb δύναται
EXAMPLE 3
Οὐδεὶς
δύναται δυσὶ κυρίοις
δουλεύειν·
Mt. 6:24a
No one is able to serve two lords
The infinitive δουλεύειν
completes the thought of the finite verb δύναται.
Infinitives are often used in this
manner following the verbs ἄρχω,
βούλομαι,
δεῖ,
δύναμαι,
ἐπιθυμέω,
and θέλω.
(2) ...to indicate the purpose of a
finite verb
When one action is intended for the
purpose of accomplishing another, a finite verb or participle may be
used to express the first with an infinitive that is used to express
the second.
EXAMPLE 1
καὶ ἀπολύσας τοὺς ὄχλους
ἀνέβη εἰς τὸ ὄρος κατ’ ἰδίαν
προσεύξασθαι.
Mt. 14:23a
And having dismissed the crowds, he went up into the mountain by
himself to pray.
The infinitive
προσεύξασθαι
expresses the purpose of
ἀνέβη.
Jesus went up to pray.
EXAMPLE 2
κἀγὼ οὐκ ᾔδειν αὐτόν, ἀλλ’ ὁ
πέμψας με
βαπτίζειν ἐν ὕδατι
ἐκεῖνός μοι εἶπεν, Ἐφ’ ὃν ἂν ἴδῃς τὸ πνεῦμα καταβαῖνον καὶ μένον ἐπ’
αὐτόν, οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ βαπτίζων ἐν πνεύματι ἁγίῳ.
Jn. 1:33
And I did not know him, but the one who sent me to baptize in water, that
one said to me, Upon whomever you should see the Spirit descending
and remaining upon him, this is the one who baptizes in the Holy
Spirit.
The infinitive
βαπτίζειν
expresses the purpose of
πέμψας.
John was sent to baptize.
(3) ...to complete the thought of a
noun
An infinitive can also be used to
complete the thought of a noun. This can be described as an
appositional infinitive, an infinitive standing in apposition to
another noun which it explicates. It may also be called an
epexegetical infinitive.
ὅσοι δὲ ἔλαβον αὐτόν, ἔδωκεν αὐτοῖς
ἐξουσίαν τέκνα θεοῦ
γενέσθαι
Jn.. 1:12a
And as many as received him, he gave to them authority to become
children of God
(4) ...as the subject of a
sentence
EXAMPLE 1
ἐμοὶ γὰρ τὸ ζῆν
Χριστὸς καὶ τὸ ἀποθανεῖν κέρδος. Phil.
1:21
For to me, to live is Christ and to die is gain.
or we could as well translate,
For to me, living is Christ and dying is gain.
The subject of the implied copulative is
ζῆν (to live = "living") with
Χριστός functioning as the predicate nominative. Similarly
in the second clause,
The subject of the implied copulative is
ἀποθανεῖν (to die = "dying")
with
κέρδος functioning as the
predicate nominative. Notice that in this example, both
infinitives are articular.
EXAMPLE 2
Μακάριόν ἐστιν μᾶλλον
διδόναι ἢ λαμβάνειν.
Ac. 20:35b
Giving is more blessed than receiving.
In contrast to the previous example, notice
that in this one the infinitives are anarthrous.
EXAMPLE 3
τὸ δὲ
καθίσαι ἐκ δεξιῶν μου ἢ ἐξ εὐωνύμων οὐκ
ἔστιν ἐμὸν δοῦναι
Mk.
10:40
but to sit on my right or left is not mine to give
Here we have articular
καθίσαι
functioning as the subject of the copulative.
δοῦναι
is perhaps best described as being in apposition to
ἐμόν,
both functioning as predicate nominatives.
(5) ...as an object of a verb
ὥστε, ἀδελφοί μου,
ζηλοῦτε τὸ προφητεύειν, καὶ
τὸ λαλεῖν μὴ
κωλύετε γλώσσαις·
1 Co.
14:39
So then, my brethren, be zealous for prophesying, and do not
forbid speaking in tongues
προφητεύειν
is the direct object of ζηλοῦτε
and λαλεῖν is
the direct object of κωλύετε.
(6) ...as an object of a preposition
Again, when functioning as the object of a
preposition, the fundamental idea of the infinitive can be thought
of as a gerund in English. Using the verb "run" as the object of a
preposition for illustration, we could say "in running," or "before
running." However, in translating, we will find it desirable not to
be confined to the English gerund. In the following examples, the preposition and
articular infinitive functioning as its object are all in blue.
εἰς τό + infinitive
εἰς with articular infinitive is often equivalent to "for the
purpose of ___ing."
EXAMPLE 1
μὴ γὰρ οἰκίας οὐκ ἔχετε
εἰς τὸ ἐσθίειν καὶ
πίνειν;
1 Cor. 11:22
For do you not have houses for eating and drinking?
EXAMPLE 2
καὶ σημεῖον ἔλαβεν περιτομῆς, σφραγῖδα τῆς δικαιοσύνης τῆς
πίστεως τῆς ἐν τῇ ἀκροβυστίᾳ,
εἰς τὸ εἶναι αὐτὸν πατέρα πάντων τῶν
πιστευόντων Ro. 4:11a
and he received a sign of circumcision, a seal of the
righteousness of the faith when in uncircumcision, unto his being
the father of all those who believe.
EXAMPLE 3
ὃς παρ’ ἐλπίδα ἐπ’ ἐλπίδι ἐπίστευσεν
εἰς τὸ γενέσθαι αὐτὸν πατέρα
πολλῶν ἐθνῶν Ro. 4:18a
who from hope against hope believed unto his becoming a father of
many nations
EXAMPLE 4
Οἴδατε ὅτι μετὰ δύο ἡμέρας τὸ πάσχα γίνεται, καὶ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ
ἀνθρώπου παραδίδοται
εἰς τὸ σταυρωθῆναι.
Mt. 26:2
You know that after two days the Passover comes, and the son of
man is delivered to be crucified.
ἐν τῷ
+ infinitive
ἐν with
articular infinitive is often an adverbial prepositional phrase
indicating circumstance. In English, we can imagine that the phrase,
"in the act of ____ing" could be translated "while ____ing."
Consider the following examples:
EXAMPLE 5
καὶ τελειωσάντων τὰς ἡμέρας,
ἐν τῷ ὑποστρέφειν αὐτοὺς ὑπέμεινεν
Ἰησοῦς ὁ παῖς ἐν Ἰερουσαλήμ, καὶ οὐκ ἔγνωσαν οἱ γονεῖς αὐτοῦ.
Lk.
2:43
And after the days were finished, when they were returning, Jesus
the child remained in Jerusalem, and his parents did not know
EXAMPLE 6
ταῦτα δὲ αὐτοῦ λέγοντος ἐγένετο
νεφέλη καὶ ἐπεσκίαζεν αὐτούς· ἐφοβήθησαν δὲ
ἐν τῷ εἰσελθεῖν αὐτοὺς εἰς τὴν νεφέλην.
Lk. 9:34
And as he was saying these things a cloud came
and overshadowed them; and they feared as they entered into the
cloud.
EXAMPLE 7
Ἐγένετο δὲ
ἐν τῷ λέγειν αὐτὸν ταῦτα ἐπάρασά τις φωνὴν γυνὴ ἐκ τοῦ
ὄχλου εἶπεν αὐτῷ, Μακαρία ἡ κοιλία ἡ βαστάσασά σε καὶ μαστοὶ οὓς
ἐθήλασας. Lk. 11:27
And it happened as he was saying these things a
certain woman out of the crowd, lifting up her voice, said to him,
Blessed is the womb that has born you and the breasts which you
sucked.
ἐν τῷ λέγειν, "in the saying,"
expresses the circumstance in which the woman lifted up her voice.
EXAMPLE 8
Ἐγένετο δὲ
ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ τὴν
ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν. Lk. 18:35
and it happened as he was approaching Jericho a
certain blind man sat along the way begging
πρὸ τοῦ
+ infinitive
This construction can function as a temporal adverbial phrase.
EXAMPLE 9
οἶδεν γὰρ ὁ πατὴρ ὑμῶν ὧν χρείαν
ἔχετε πρὸ τοῦ ὑμᾶς
αἰτῆσαι αὐτόν.
Mt. 6:8b
for your Father knows of what things you have need before you
ask him
διὰ τό
+ infinitive
EXAMPLE
10
Ἀνέβη δὲ καὶ Ἰωσὴφ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας ἐκ πόλεως
Ναζαρὲθ εἰς τὴν Ἰουδαίαν εἰς πόλιν Δαυὶδ ἥτις καλεῖται Βηθλέεμ,
διὰ τὸ εἶναι αὐτὸν ἐξ οἴκου καὶ πατριᾶς Δαυίδ
Lk. 2:4
And Joseph also went up from Galilee out of the city of
Nazareth unto Judea unto the city of David which is called
Bethlehem, on account of his being out of the house and family of
David.
or we could translate,
...because he was of the house and family of David
The Subject of the Infinitive
Some would not be willing to speak of
the infinitive as having a subject (e.g., Robertson, p. 1082f). But
as Hewett notes (p. 178), we have already accepted the notion of a
subject in an oblique case in
genitive absolute
constructions. As noted above, the subject of the
infinitive will be in the accusative case. We have the same thing in
English:
I paid him to paint my house.
"him" is the subject of "to paint"
I want her to buy that dress.
"her" is the subject of "to buy"
Let's look again at some of the
passages we have already discussed. Consider the word
με
in
the following:
κἀγὼ οὐκ ᾔδειν αὐτόν, ἀλλ’ ὁ
πέμψας με βαπτίζειν ἐν ὕδατι
ἐκεῖνός μοι εἶπεν, Ἐφ’ ὃν ἂν ἴδῃς τὸ πνεῦμα καταβαῖνον καὶ μένον ἐπ’
αὐτόν, οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ βαπτίζων ἐν πνεύματι ἁγίῳ.
Jn.. 1:33
And I did not know him, but the one who sent me to baptize in water, that
one said to me, upon him whomever you should see the Spirit
descending and remaining upon him, this is the one who baptizes in
the Holy Spirit.
ὁ πέμψας με
is "the one who sent me."
με is the object of
πέμψας
and therefore is appropriately in the accusative case. However, it
is the subject of the infinitive
βαπτίζειν.
Watch for the the accusative subject in
each of the following:
ταῦτα δὲ αὐτοῦ λέγοντος ἐγένετο
νεφέλη καὶ ἐπεσκίαζεν αὐτούς· ἐφοβήθησαν δὲ
ἐν τῷ εἰσελθεῖν
αὐτοὺς εἰς τὴν νεφέλην.
Lk. 9:34
And as he was saying these things a cloud came
and overshadowed them; and they feared as they entered into the
cloud.
Ἐγένετο δὲ
ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν
αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ τὴν
ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν. Lk. 18:35
And it happened as he was approaching Jericho a
certain blind man sat along the way begging
οἶδεν γὰρ ὁ πατὴρ ὑμῶν ὧν χρείαν
ἔχετε πρὸ τοῦ
ὑμᾶς αἰτῆσαι αὐτόν.
Mt. 6:8b
For your Father knows of what things you have need before you
ask him
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